Guide to APA Bibliography

Forms of APA bibliography entries, taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition.

The examples included here are only the basic forms of APA bibliography entries.  If you cannot find the information that you need here, you can

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• Periodicals

  • Journal Article by a Single Author

    • Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924.

  • Journal Article, Two Authors, Nonconsecutive Pagination

    • Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

  • Journal Article, Three to Six Authors

    • Saywitz, K. J., Mannarino, A. P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 1040-1049.

  • Journal Article, More than Six Authors

    • Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68,  843-856.

  • Journal Article In Press

    • Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S. C. (in press). Race differences in face-ism: Does facial prominence imply dominance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

  • Magazine Article

    • Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120.

  • Newsletter Article

    • Brown, L. S. (1993, Spring). Antidomination training as a central component of diversity in clinical psychology education. The Clinical Psychologist, 46, 83-87.

  • Newsletter Article, No Author

    • The new health care lexicon. (1993, August/September). Copy Editor, 4, 1-2.

  • Daily Newspaper Article, No Author

    • New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

  • Daily Newspaper Article, Discontinuous Pages

    • Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

  • Weekly Newspaper Article, Letter to the Editor

    • Berkowitz, A. D. (2000, November 24). How to tackle the problem of student drinking [Letter to the editor]. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B20.

  • Entire Issue or Special Section of a Journal

    • Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science of classification [Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3).

  • Monograph with Issue Number and Serial (or Whole) Number

    • Harris, P. L., & Kavanaugh, R. D. (1993). Young children's understanding of pretense. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(1, Serial No. 231).

  • Monograph Bound Separately as a Supplement to a Journal

    • Battig, W. F., & Montague, W. E. (1969). Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monographs, 80(3, Pt. 2).

  • Monograph Bound into a Journal with Continuous Pagination

    • Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J., Sime, W. E., & Mayes, B. T. (1991). The nomological validity of the Type A personality among employed adults [Monograph]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 143-168.

  • Abstract as an Original Source

    • Woolf, N. J., Young, S. L. Fanselow, M. S., & Butcher, L. L. (1991).  MAP-2 expression in cholinoceptive pyramidal cells of rodent cortex and hippocampus is altered by Pavolovian conditioning [Abstract]. Society for Nueroscience Abstracts, 17, 480.

  • Abstract from a Secondary Source (Print Periodical)

    • Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., & Homma, A. (1992). Cognitive functions of centenarians: The Tokyo Metropolitan Centenarian Study. Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3, 9-16. Abstract obtained from PsycSCAN: Neuropsychology, 1993, 2, Abstract No. 604.

  • Journal Supplement

    • Regier, A. A., Narrow, W. E., & Rae, D. S. (1990). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: The epidemiological catchment area (ECA) experience. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24(Suppl. 2), 3-14.

  • Periodical Published Annually

    • Fiske, S. T. (1993). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 155-194.

  • Non-English Journal, Title Translated into English

    • Ising, M. (2000). Intensitätsabhängigkeit evozierter Potenzial im EEG: Sind impulsive Personen Augmenter oder Reducer? [Intensity dependence in event-related EEG potentials: Are impulsive individuals augmenters or reducers?]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle and Diagnostische Psychologie, 21, 208-217.

  • English Translation of a Journal Article, Journal Paginated by Issue

    • Stutte, H. (1972). Transcultural child psychiatry.Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 38(9), 229-231.

• Books, Brochures, and Book Chapters

  • Entire Book

    • Beck, C. A., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Book, Third Edition, "Jr." in Name

    • Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

  • Book, Group Author (Government Agency) as Publisher

    • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.

  • Edited Book

    • Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  • Book, No Author or Editor

    • Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

  • Book, Revised Edition

    • Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

  • Several Volumes in a Multivolume Edited Work, Publication Over Period of More than 1 Year

    • Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.

  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

    • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

  • Encyclopedia or Dictionary

    • Sadie, S. (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.

  • Non-English Book

    • Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La genèse de l'idée de hasard chez l'enfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

  • English Translation of a Book

    • Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814).

  • Brochure, Corporate Author

    • Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

  • Article or Chapter in an Edited Book, Two Editors

    • Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

  • Article or Chapter in an Edited Book In Press, Separately Titled Volume in a Multivolume Work (Two-Part Title)

    • Auerbach, J. S. (in press). The origins of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: A theoretical and empirical reformulation. In J. M. Masling & R. F. Bornstein (Eds.), Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories: Vol. 4. Psychoanalytic perspectives on psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Chapter in a Volume in a Series

    • Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.

  • Non-English Article or Chapter in an Edited Book, Title Translated into English

    • Davydov, V. V. (1972). De introductie van het begrip grootheid in de eerste klas van de basisschool: Een experimenteel onderzoek [The introduction of the concept of quantity in the first grade of the primary school: An experimental study]. In C. F. Van Parreren & J. A. M. Carpay (Eds.), Sovjetpsychologen aan het woord (pp. 227-289). Groningen, The Netherlands: Wolters-Noordhoff.

  • Entry in an Encyclopedia

    • Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaediea Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

  • English Translation of an Article or Chapter in an Edited Book, Reprint from Another Source

    • Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget's theory (G. Gellerier & J. Langer, Trans.). In K. Richardson & S. Sheldon (Eds.), Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader (pp. 3-18).  Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, pp. 703-732, by P. H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York: Wiley).

• Technical and Research Reports

  • Technical/Research Report

    • Mazzeo, J., Druesne, B., Raffeld, P. C., Checketts, K. T., & Muhlstein, A. (1991). Comparability of computer and paper-and-pencil scores for two CLEP general examinations (College Board Rep. No. 91-5). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

  • Report Available from the Government Printing Office (GPO), Government Institute as Group Author

    • National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

  • Report Available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

    • Osgood, D. W., & Wilson, J. K. (1990). Covariation of adolescent health problems. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. (NTIS No. PB 91-154 377/AS)

  • Report Available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

    • Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED346082).

  • Government Report Not Available from GPO or a Document Deposit Service

    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1992). Pressure ulcers in adults: Prediction and prevention (AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047). Rockville, MD: Author.

  • Government Report Not Available from GPO or a Document Deposit Service, Article or Chapter in an Edited Collection

    • Matthews, K. A. (1985). Assessment of Type A behavior, anger, and hostility in epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular disease.  In A. M. Otsfield & E. D. Eaker (Eds.), Measuring psychological variables in epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular disease (NIH Publication No. 85-2270, pp. 153-183). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

  • Report from a University

    • Broadhurst, R. G., & Maller, R. A. (1991). Sex offending and recidivism (Tech. Rep. No. 3). Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia, Crime Research Centre.

  • Report from a University, Edited Report, Monograph

    • Shuker, R., Openshaw, R., & Soler, J. (Eds.). (1990). Youth, media, and moral panic in New Zealand: From hooligans to video nasties (Delta Research Monograph No. 11). Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University, Department of Education.

  • Report from a Private Organization

    • Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1992, February). Sources of health insurance and characteristics of the uninsured (Issue Brief No. 123). Washington, DC: Author.

• Proceedings of Meetings and Symposia

  • Published Proceedings, Published Contribution to a Symposium, Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

    • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality.  In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

  • Proceedings Published Regularly

    • Cynx, J., Williams, H., & Nottebohm, F. (1992). Hemispheric differences in avian song discrimination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 1372-1375.

  • Unpublished Contribution to a Symposium

    • Lichstein, K. L., Johnson, R. S., Womack, T. D., Dean, J. E., & Childers, C. K. (1990, June). Relaxation therapy for polypharmacy use in elderly insomniacs and noninsomniacs. In T. L. Rosenthal (Chair), Reducing medication in geriatric populations. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the First International Congress of Behavioral Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden.

  • Unpublished Paper Presented at a Meeting

    • Lanktree, C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.

  • Poster Session

    • Ruby, J., & Fulton, C. (1993, June). Beyond redlining: Editing software that works. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Scholarly  Publishing, Washington, DC.

• Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

  • Doctoral Dissertation Abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI)  and Obtained from UMI

    • Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01), 534B. (UMI No. 9315947)

  • Doctoral Dissertation Abstracted in DAI and Obtained from the University

    • Ross, D. F. (1990). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity: When a witness misidentifies a familiar but innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 417.

  • Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation

    • Wilfley, D. E. (1989). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia: Normal-weight and obese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.

  • Unpublished Master's Thesis, University Outside of the United States

    • Almeida, D. M. (1990). Fathers' participation in family work: Consequences for fathers' stress and father-child relations. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

• Unpublished Work and Publications of Limited Circulation

  • Unpublished Manuscript Not Submitted for Publication

    • Stinson, C., Milbrath, C., Reidbord, S., & Bucci, W. (1992). Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript.

  • Unpublished Manuscript with a University Cited

    • Dépret, E. F., & Fiske, S. T. (1993). Perceiving the powerful: Intriguing individuals versus threatening groups. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

  • Manuscript In Progress or Submitted for Publication But Not Yet Accepted

    • McIntosh, D. N. (1993). Religion as schema, with implications for the relation between religion and coping. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Unpublished Raw Data from Study, Untitled Work

    • Bordi, F., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993). [Auditory response latencies in rat auditory cortex]. Unpublished raw data.

  • Publication of Limited Circulation

    • Klombers, N. (Ed.). (1993, Spring). ADAA Reporter. (Available from the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, 6000 Executive Boulevard, Suite 513, Rockville, MD 20852)

• Reviews

  • Review of a Book

    • Schatz, B. R. (2000). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The social life of information]. Science, 290, 1304.

  • Review of a Motion Picture

    • Kraus, S. J. (1992). Visions of psychology: A videotext of classic studies [Review of the motion picture Discovering Psychology]. Contemporary Psychology, 37, 1146-1147.

• Audiovisual Media

  • Motion Picture

    • Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

  • Television Broadcast

    • Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The Macneil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

  • Television Series

    • Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind [Television series]. New York: WNET.

  • Single Episode from a Television Series

    • Hall, B. (Writer), & Bender, J. (Director). (1991). The rules of the game [Television series episode]. In J. Sander (Producer), I'll fly away. New York: New York Broadcasting Company.

  • Music Recording

    • Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas traveler [CD]. New York: PolyGram Music.

  • Audio Recording

    • Costa, P. T., Jr. (Speaker). (1988). Personality, continuity, and changes of adult life (Cassette recording No. 207-433-88A-B). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

• Electronic Media

  • Internet Article Based on a Print Source

    • VandenBoss, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html

  • Article in an Internet-Only Journal

    • Frederickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/ pre0030001a.html

  • Article in an Internet-Only Journal, Retrieved via File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

    • Crow, T. J. (2000). Did homo sapiens speciate on the y chromosome? Psycoloquy, 11. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/harnad/Psycoloquy/ 2000.volume.11/
      psyc.00.11.001.language-sex-chromosomes.l.crow

  • Article in an Internet-Only Newsletter

    • Glueckauf, R. L., Whitton, J., Baxter, J., Kain, J., Vogelsang, S., Hudson, M., et al. (1998, July). Videocounseling for families of rural teens with epilepsy--Project update. Telehealth News, 2(2). Retrieved from http://www.telehealth.net/subscribe/ newsletter_4a.html#1

  • Multipage Document Created by Private Organization, No Date

    • Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000., Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, from http://www.familymealtime.org

  • Chapter or Section in an Internet Document

    • Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age (chap. 2). Retrieved from http://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/ two.html

  • Stand-Alone Document, No Author Identified, No Date

    • GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/ user_surveys/survey-1997-10/

  • Document Available on University Program or Department Web Site

    • Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/ newwine1.html

  • Report from a University, Available on Private Organization Web Site

    • University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved September 9, 2000 from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Web site: http://www.rwjf.org/library/ chrcare

  • U.S. Government Report Available on Government Agency Web Site, No Publication Date Indicated

    • United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). 1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics. Retrieved December 8, 1999, from http://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/ 1997/sbtoc97.htm

  • Report from a Private Organization, Available on Organization Web Site

    • Canarie, Inc. (1997, September 27).  Towards a Canadian health IWAY: Vision, opportunities and future steps. Retrieved November 8, 2000, from http://www.canarie.ca/
      press/publications/pdf/health/healthvision.doc

  • Abstract of a Technical Report from University Web Site

    • Kruschke, J. K., & Bradley, A. L. (1995). Extensions to the delta rule of associative learning (Indiana University Cognitive Science Research Report No. 14). Abstract retrieved October 21, 2000, from http://www.indiana.edu/
      ~kruschke/deltarule_abstract.html

  • Paper Presented at a Symposium, Abstract Retrieved from University Web Site

    • Cutler, L. D., Frölich, B., & Hanrahan, P. (1997, January 18).  Two-handed direct manipulation on the responsive workbench. Paper presented at the 1997 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics.  Abstract retrieved June 12, 2000, from http://www.graphics.stanford.edu/papers/ twohanded/

  • Message Posted to a Newsgroup

    • Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Msg 1]. Message posted to news://sci.psychology.consciousness

  • Message Posted to Online Forum or Discussion Group

    • Simons, D. J. (2000, July 14). New resources for visual cognition [Msg 31]. Message posted to
      http://groups. yahoo.com/group/
      visualcognition/message/31

  • Message Posted to an Electronic Mailing List

    • Hammond, T. (2000, November 20). YAHC: Handle Parameters, DOI Genres, etc. Message posted to Ref-Links electronic mailing list, archived at http://www .doi.org/mail-archive/
      ref-link/msg00088.html

  • Electronic Copy of a Journal Article, Three to Five Authors, Retrieved from Database

    • Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.

  • Daily Newspaper Article, Electronic Version Available by Search

    • Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times.  Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com

  • Electronic Copy of an Abstract Obtained from a Secondary Database

    • Fournier, M., de Ridder, D., & Bensing, J. (1999). Optimism and adaptation to multiple sclerosis: What does optimism mean? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22,  303-326. Abstract retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycINFO database.

  • Electronic Version of U.S. Government Report Available by Search from GPO Access Database (on the Web)

    • U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February). Telemedicine: Federal strategy is needed to guide investments (Publication No. GAO/NSAID/HEHS-97-67). Retrieved September 15, 2000, from General Accounting Office Reports Online via GPO Access: http://www .access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/
      aces160.shtml?/gao/ index.html

  • Computer Software

    • Miller, M. E. (1993). The Interactive Tester (Version 4.0) [Computer software]. Westminster, CA: Psytek Services.

  • Computer Software and Manual Available on University Web Site

    • Schwarzer, R. (1989). Statistics software for meta-analysis [Computer software and manual]. Retrieved from
      http:// www.yorku.ca/faculty/academic/
      schwarze/meta_e.htm

  • Data File, Available from a Government Agency

    • National Health Interview Survey--Current health topics: 1991--Longitudinal study of aging (Version 4) [Data file]. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics

  • Data File, Available from NTIS Web Site

    • Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. (1991). National Health Provider Inventory: Home health agencies and hospices, 1991  [Data file]. Available from National Technical Information Service Web site, http://www.ntis.gov